Air Pollution Control Technology – Air Pollution Control Technology – Air Pollution Control Technology
I. GIỚI THIỆU
Air Pollution Control Technology Handbook – Karl B. Schnelle có 24 chương.
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II. MỤC LỤC
Chapter 1 A Historical Overview of the Development of Clean Air
1.1 A Brief History of the Air Pollution Problem
1.2 Federal Involvement in Air Pollution Control
1.3 Characterizing the Atmosphere
1.4 Recipe for an Air Pollution Problem
1.4.1 Sources of Air Pollution
1.4.2 Meteorological Parameters Affecting Transport of Pollutants
1.4.3 The Effects of Air Pollution — A Comparison of London Fog
Refereances
Chapter 2 Clean Air Act
2.1 History of the Clean Air Act
2.1.1 1970 Clean Air Act Amendments
Regulations
and Los Angeles Smog
2.1.2 1977 Clean Air Act Amendments
2.2 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments
2.2.1 Title I: Provisions for Attainment and Maintenance of National
2.2.2 Title II: Mobile Sources
2.2.3 Title III: Hazardous Air Pollutant Program
2.1.1.1 National Ambient Air Quality Standards
2.1.1.2 New Source Performance Standards
2.1.1.3 Hazardous Air Pollutants
2.1.1.4 Citizen Suits
2.1.2.1 Prevention of Significant Deterioration
2.1.2.2 Offsets in Non-Attainment Areas
Ambient Air Quality Standards
2.2.1.1 NAAQS Revisions
2.2.3.1 Source Categories
2.2.3.2 Establishing MACT Standards
2.2.3.3 Risk Management Plans
2.2.4 Title IV: Acid Deposition Control
2.2.5 Title V: Operating Permits
2.2.6 Title VI: Stratospheric Ozone Protection
2.2.7 Title VII: Enforcement
2.2.8 Title VIII: Miscellaneous Provisions
2.2.9 Title IX: Research
2.2.10 Title X: Disadvantaged Business
2.2.11 Title XI: Employment Transition Assistance
References
Chapter 3 Air Permits for New Source
3.1 Elements of a Permit Application
3.1.1 Applicability
3.1.1.1 Potential to Emit
3.1.1.2 Fugitive Emissions
3.1.1.3 Secondary Emissions
3.1.2 Significant Emission Rates
3.1.3 Modification
3.1.4 Emissions Netting
3.2 Best Available Control Technology
3.2.1 Step 1: Identify Control Technologies
3.2.2 Step 2: Eliminate Technically Infeasible Options
3.2.3 Step 3: Rank Remaining Options by Control Effectiveness
3.2.4 Step 4: Evaluate Control Technologies in Order of Control
3.1.4.1 Netting Example
Effectiveness
3.2.4.1 Energy Impacts
3.2.4.2 Environmental Impacts
3.2.4.3 Economic Impacts and Cost Effectiveness
3.2.5 Step 5: Select BACT
3.3 Air Quality Analysis
3.3.1 Preliminary Analysis
3.3.2 Full Analysis
3.4 NSR Reform
References
Air Pollution Control Technology – Air Pollution Control Technology – Air Pollution Control Technology
Chapter 4 Atmospheric Diffusion Modeling for PSD Permit Regulations
4.1 Introduction — Meteorological Background
4.1.1 Inversions
4.1.1.1 Surface or Radiation Inversions
4.1.1.2 Evaporation Inversion
4.1.1.3 Advection Inversion
4.1.1.4 Subsidence Inversion
4.1.2 The Diurnal Cycle
4.1.3 Principal Smoke-Plume Models
4.2 The Tall Stack
4.3 Classifying Sources by Method of Emission
4.3.1 A Definition of Tall Stacks
4.3.2 Process Stacks
4.4 Atmospheric-Diffusion Models
4.4.1 Other Uses of Atmospheric-Diffusion Models
4.5 EPA Computer Programs for Regulation of Industry
4.5.1 The Industrial Source Complex Model
4.5.2 Screening Models
4.5.3 The New Models
4.6 The Source–Transport–Receptor Problem
4.6.1 The Source
4.6.2 Transport
4.6.2.1 The Effective Emission Height
4.6.2.2 Bulk Transport of the Pollutants
4.6.2.3 Dispersion of the Pollutants
4.6.3 The Receptor
References
Chapter 5 Source Testing
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Code of Federal Regulations
5.3 Representative Sampling Techniques
5.3.1 Gaseous Pollutants
5.3.2 Velocity and Particulate Traverses
5.3.3 Isokinetic Sampling
References
Chapter 6 Ambient Air Quality and Continuous Emissions Monitoring
6.1 Ambient Air Quality Sampling Program
6.2 Objectives of a Sampling Program
6.3 Monitoring Systems
6.3.1 Fixed vs. Mobile Sampling
6.3.2 Continuous vs. Integrated Sampling
6.3.3 Selection of Instrumentation and Methods
6.4 Federal Reference Methods and Continuous Monitoring
6.5 The “Complete” Environmental Surveillance and Control System
6.6 Typical Air Sampling Train
6.7 Integrated Sampling Devices for Suspended Particulate Matter
6.8 Continuous Air Quality Monitors
6.8.1 Electroconductivity Analyzer for SO2
6.8.2 Coulometric Analyzer for SO2
6.8.3 Nondispersive Infrared Method for CO
6.8.4 Flame Photometric Detection of Total Sulfur and SO2
6.8.5 Hydrocarbons by Flame Ionization
6.8.6 Fluorescent SO2 Monitor
6.8.7 Chemilumenescence for Detection of Ozone and Nitrogen
6.8.8 Calibration of Continuous Monitors
Oxides
6.8.8.1 Specifications for Continuous Air-Quality Monitors
6.8.8.2 Steady-State Calibrations
References
Chapter 7 Cost Estimating
7.1 Time Value of Money
7.1.1 Annualized Capital Cost
7.1.2 Escalation Factors
7.2 Types of Cost Estimates
7.3 Air Pollution Control Equipment Cost
7.3.1 OAQPS Control Cost Manual
7.3.2 Other Cost-Estimating Resources
References
Chapter 8 Process Design and the Strategy of Process Design
8.1 Introduction to Process Design
8.2 The Strategy of Process Design
8.2.1 Process Flowsheets
8.3 Mass and Energy Balances
8.3.1 A Mass-Balance Example
8.3.2 An Energy-Balance Example
References
Air Pollution Control Technology – Air Pollution Control Technology – Air Pollution Control Technology
Chapter 9 Profitability and Engineering Economics
9.1 Introduction — Profit Goal
9.2 Profitability Analysis
9.2.1 Mathematical Methods for Profitability Evaluation
9.2.2 Incremental Rate of Return on Investments as a Measure of
9.3 The Effect of Depreciation
9.3.1 An Example
9.4 Capital Investment and Total Product Cost
9.4.1 Design Development
References
Profitability
9.2.2.1 An Example
Chapter 10 Introduction to Control of Gaseous Pollutants
10.1 Absorption and Adsorption
10.1.1 Fluid Mechanics Terminology
10.1.2 Removal of HAP and VOC by Absorption and Adsorption
Reference
Chapter 11 Absorption for HAP and VOC Control
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Aqueous Systems
11.3 Nonaqueous Systems
11.4 Types and Arrangements of Absorption Equipment
11.5 Design Techniques for Countercurrent Absorption Columns
11.5.1 Equilibrium Relationships
11.5.2 Ideal Solutions — Henry’s Law
11.5.3 Countercurrent Absorption Tower Design Equations
11.5.4 Origin of Volume-Based Mass-Transfer Coefficients
11.5.5 The Whitman Two-Film Theory
11.5.6 Overall Mass-Transfer Coefficients
11.5.7 Volume-Based Mass-Transfer Coefficients
11.5.8 Determining Height of Packing in the Tower: the HTU
11.5.9 Dilute Solution Case
11.6 Countercurrent Flow Packed Absorption Tower Design
11.6.1 General Considerations
11.6.2 Operations of Packed Towers
11.6.3 Choosing a Tower Packing
11.6.4 Packed Tower Internals
11.6.5 Choosing a Liquid–Gas Flow Ratio
11.6.6 Determining Tower Diameter — Random Dumped Packing
11.6.7 Determining Tower Diameter — Structured Packing
11.6.8 Controlling Film Concept
11.6.9 A Correlation for the Effect of L/G Ratio on the Packing
11.6.10 Henry’s Law Constants and Mass-Transfer Information
11.6.11 Using Henry’s Law for Multicomponent Solutions
11.7 Sample Design Calculation
11.7.1 Flooding
11.7.2 Structured Packing
References
11.5.4.1 Steady-State Molecular Diffusion
Method
11.6.3.1 Dumped Packings
Height
Chapter 12 Adsorption for HAP and VOC Control
12.1 Introduction to Adsorption Operations
12.2 Adsorption Phenomenon
12.3 Adsorption Processes
12.3.1 Stagewise Process
12.3.2 Continuous Contact, Steady-State, Moving-Bed Adsorbers
12.3.3 Unsteady-State, Fixed-Bed Adsorbers
12.3.4 Newer Technologies
12.4 Nature of Adsorbents
12.4.1 Adsorption Design with Activated Carbon
12.5 The Theories of Adsorption
12.6 The Data of Adsorption
12.7 Adsorption Isotherms
12.7.1 Freundlich’s Equation
12.7.2 Langmuir’s Equation
12.7.3 The Brunner, Emmett, Teller, or BET, Isotherm
12.8 Polanyi Potential Theory
12.9 Unsteady-State, Fixed-Bed Adsorbers
12.10 Fixed-Bed Adsorber Design Considerations
12.10.1 Safety Considerations
12.11 Pressure Drop Through Adsorbers
12.12 Adsorber Effectiveness and Regeneration
12.12.1 Steam Regeneration
12.12.2 Hot Air or Gas Regeneration
12.13 Breakthrough Model
12.13.1 Mass Transfer
12.13.2 Breakthrough Curve Example
12.14 Regeneration Modeling
References
12.3.4.1 Rotary Wheel Adsorber
12.3.4.2 Chromatographic Adsorption
12.3.4.3 Pressure Swing Adsorption
12.4.1.1 Pore Structure
12.4.1.2 Effect of Relative Humidity
12.7.3.1 Adsorption without Capillary Condensation
12.7.3.2 Adsorption with Capillary Condensation
Chapter 13 Thermal Oxidation for VOC Control
13.1 Combustion Basics
13.2 Flares
13.2.1 Elevated, Open Flare
13.2.2 Smokeless Flare Assist
13.2.3 Flare Height
13.2.4 Ground Flare
13.2.5 Safety Features
13.3 Incineration
13.3.1 Recuperative Thermal Oxidizer
13.3.2 Regenerative Thermal Oxidizer
13.3.3 Recuperative vs. Regenerative Design Selection
13.4 Catalytic Oxidation
References
Chapter 14 Control of VOC and HAP by Condensation
14.1 Introduction
14.2 VOC Condensers
14.2.1 Contact Condensers
14.2.2 Surface Condensers
14.3 Coolant and Heat Exchanger Type
14.3.1 An Example — Heat Exchanger Area and Coolant Flow Rate
14.4 Mixtures of Organic Vapors
14.4.1 An Example — Condensation of a Binary Mixture
14.5 Air As a Noncondensable
References
Appendix A: Derivation of the Area Model for a Mixture Condensing
Appendix B: Algorithm for the Area Model for a Mixture Condensing
14.2.2.1 An Example — Condensation Temperature
from a Gas
from a Gas
Chapter 15 Control of VOC and HAP by Biofiltration
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Theory of Biofilter Operation
15.3 Design Parameters and Conditions
15.3.1 Depth and Media of Biofilter Bed
15.3.2 Microorganisms
15.3.3 Oxygen Supply
15.3.4 Inorganic Nutrient Supply
15.3.5 Moisture Content
15.3.6 Temperature
15.3.7 pH of the Biofilter
15.3.8 Loading and Removal Rates
15.3.9 Pressure Drop
15.3.10 Pretreatment of Gas Streams
15.4 Biofilter Compared to Other Available Control Technology
15.5 Successful Case Studies
15.6 Further Considerations
References
Chapter 16 Membrane Separation
16.1 Overview
16.2 Polymeric Membranes
16.3 Performance
16.4 Applications
References
Chapter 17 NOx Control
17.1 NOx from Combustion
17.1.1 Thermal NOx
17.1.2 Prompt NOx
17.1.3 Fuel NOx
17.2 Control Techniques
17.2.1 Combustion Control Techniques
17.2.2 Flue Gas Treatment Techniques
17.2.1.1 Low-Excess Air Firing
17.2.1.2 Overfire Air
17.2.1.3 Flue Gas Recirculation
17.2.1.4 Reduce Air Preheat
17.2.1.5 Reduce Firing Rate
17.2.1.6 Water/Steam Injection
17.2.1.7 Burners out of Service (BOOS)
17.2.1.8 Reburn
17.2.1.9 Low-NOx Burners
17.2.1.10 Ultra Low-NOx Burners
17.2.2.1 Selective Noncatalytic Reduction (SNCR)
17.2.2.2 Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR)
17.2.2.3 Low-Temperature Oxidation with Absorption
17.2.2.4 Catalytic Absorption
17.2.2.5 Corona-Induced Plasma
References
Chapter 18 Control Of SOx
18.1 H2S Control
18.2 SO2 (and HCl) Removal
18.2.1 Reagents
18.2.2 Capital vs. Operating Costs
18.2.1.1 Calcium-Based Reactions
18.2.1.2 Calcium-Based Reaction Products
18.2.1.3 Sodium-Based Reactions
18.2.1.4 Sodium-Based Reaction Products
18.2.2.1 Operating Costs
18.2.3 SO2 Removal Processes
18.2.3.1 Wet Limestone
18.2.3.2 Wet Soda Ash or Caustic Soda
18.2.3.3 Lime Spray Drying
18.2.3.4 Circulating Lime Reactor
18.2.3.5 Sodium Bicarbonate/Sodium Sesquicarbonate
Injection
18.2.3.6 Other SO2 Removal Processes
18.2.4 Example Evaluation
18.3 SO3 and Sulfuric Acid
18.3.1 SO3 and H2SO4 Formation
18.3.2 Toxic Release Inventory
References
Chapter 19 Fundamentals of Particulate Control
19.1 Particle-Size Distribution
19.2 Aerodynamic Diameter
19.3 Cunningham Slip Correction
19.4 Collection Mechanisms
19.4.1 Basic Mechanisms: Impaction, Interception, Diffusion
19.4.2 Other Mechanisms
19.4.1.1 Impaction
19.4.1.2 Interception
19.4.1.3 Diffusion
19.4.2.1 Electrostatic Attraction
19.4.2.2 Gravity
19.4.2.3 Centrifugal Force
19.4.2.4 Thermophoresis
19.4.2.5 Diffusiophoresis
References
Chapter 20 Hood and Ductwork Design
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Hood Design
20.2.1 Flow Relationship for the Various Types of Hoods
20.2.1.1 Enclosing Hoods
20.2.1.2 Rectangular or Round Hoods
20.2.1.3 Slot Hoods
20.2.1.4 Canopy Hoods
20.3 Duct Design
20.3.1 Selection of Minimum Duct Velocity
20.3.2 The Mechanical Energy Balance
20.3.2.1 Velocity Head
20.3.2.2 Friction Head
20.4 Effect of Entrance into a Hood
20.5 Total Energy Loss
20.6 Fan Power
20.7 Hood-Duct Example
References
Chapter 21 Cyclone Design
21.1 Collection Efficiency
21.1.1 Factors Affecting Collection Efficiency
21.1.2 Theoretical Collection Efficiency
21.1.3 Lapple’s Efficiency Correlation
21.1.4 Leith and Licht Efficiency Model
21.1.5 Comparison of Efficiency Model Results
21.2 Pressure Drop
21.3 Saltation
References
Chapter 22 Design and Application of Wet Scrubbers
22.1 Introduction
22.2 Collection Mechanisms and Efficiency
22.3 Collection Mechanisms and Particle Size
22.4 Selection and Design of Scrubbers
22.5 Devices for Wet Scrubbing
22.6 The Semrau Principle and Collection Efficiency
22.7 A Model for Counter-Current Spray Scrubbers
22.7.1 Application to a Spray Tower
22.8 A Model for Venturi Scrubbers
22.9 The Calvert Cut Diameter Design Technique
22.9.1 An Example Calculation
22.9.2 Second Example Problem
22.10 The Cut-Power Relationship
References
Additional References
Appendix A: Calvert Performance Cut Diameter Data
Chapter 23 Filtration and Baghouses
23.1 Introduction
23.2 Design Issues
23.3 Cleaning Mechanisms
23.3.1 Shake/Deflate
23.3.2 Reverse Air
23.3.3 Pulse Jet (High Pressure)
23.3.4 Pulse Jet (Low Pressure)
23.3.5 Sonic Horns
23.4 Fabric Properties
23.4.1 Woven Bags
23.4.2 Felted Fabric
23.4.3 Surface Treatment
23.4.4 Weight
23.4.5 Membrane Fabrics
23.4.6 Catalytic Membranes
23.4.7 Pleated Cartridges
23.4.8 Ceramic Candles
23.5 Baghouse Size
23.5.1 Air-to-Cloth Ratio
23.5.2 Can Velocity
23.6 Pressure Drop
23.7 Bag Life
23.7.1 Failure Modes
23.7.2 Inlet Design
23.7.3 Startup Seasoning
References
Chapter 24 Electrostatic Precipitators
24.1 Early Development
24.2 Basic Theory
24.2.1 Corona Formation
24.2.2 Particle Charging
24.2.3 Particle Migration
24.2.4 Deutsch Equation
24.2.4.1 Sneakage
24.2.4.2 Rapping Re-Entrainment
24.2.4.3 Particulate Resistivity
24.2.4.4 Gas-Flow Distribution
24.3 Practical Application of Theory
24.3.1 Effective Migration Velocity
24.3.2 Automatic Voltage Controller
24.4 Flue Gas Conditioning
24.4.1 Humidification
24.4.2 SO3
24.4.3 Ammonia
24.4.4 SO3 and Ammonia
24.4.5 Ammonium Sulfate
24.4.6 Proprietary Additives
24.5 Using V-I Curves for Troubleshooting
References
